This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. Received: OctoAccepted: Published: May 19, 2023 PLoS ONE 18(5):Įditor: Sylvain Giroud, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna: Veterinarmedizinische Universitat Wien, AUSTRIA These results demonstrate that dabbling ducks moderate their incubation behavior according to nest stage, nest age, time of day, and clutch size and this moderation likely has important implications for egg development and overall nest success.Ĭitation: Hartman CA, Ackerman JT, Peterson SH, Fettig B, Casazza M, Herzog MP (2023) Nest attendance, incubation constancy, and onset of incubation in dabbling ducks. Although overall nest attendance after clutch completion was similar among species, the average length of individual incubation bouts was greatest among gadwall ( Mareca strepera 779 minutes), followed by mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos 636 minutes) and then cinnamon teal ( Spatula cyanoptera 347 minutes). Moreover, during egg-laying, nest attendance and incubation constancy increased more slowly among nests with larger final clutch sizes, suggesting that the number of eggs remaining to be laid is a major driver of incubation effort during egg-laying. During the egg-laying stage, nocturnal nest attendance was low (13–25%), whereas after clutch completion, nest attendance was greater at night (≥87%) than during the day (70–77%) because most incubation recesses occurred during the day. Variation in nest temperature also decreased gradually during egg-laying, and then dropped sharply (33–38%) between the day of and the day after clutch completion because increased nest attendance, particularly at night, resulted in more consistent nest temperatures. Daily nest attendance increased from only 1–3% on the day the first egg was laid to 51–57% on the day of clutch completion, and 80–83% after clutch completion through hatch. We studied nest attendance (time on the nest), incubation constancy (time nests were at incubation temperatures), and variation in nest temperature of 1,414 dabbling duck nests of three species in northern California. Patterns of nest attendance, therefore, influence embryonic development and the time it takes for eggs to hatch. ![]() Species with uniparental incubation must balance time spent incubating eggs with time spent away from the nest to satisfy self-maintenance needs. In birds, parents must provide their eggs with a safe thermal environment suitable for embryonic development.
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